Recent Development of Biomaterials Combined with Mesenchymal Stem Cells as a Strategy in Cartilage Regeneration

Osteoarthritis leads to the progressive decay of articular cartilage. Due its intrinsic avascular character, cartilage shows an inadequate capacity for regeneration. Cartilage loss may result in chronic pain, movement disorder and morbidity, which lack effective treatments except joint replacement late-stage osteoarthritis. To overcome this challenge, tissue engineering has emerged as a promising method. Scaffolds provide mechanical biochemical support stem cells that undergo differentiation secrete cartilage-specific matrix, strategy been proven have positive results. However, there is still gap between current perfection. Researchers are confronted with difficulties such poor cell survival, insufficient differentiation, hypertrophy endochondral calcification neocartilage, integration into host tissue. The research focuses on modifying scaffold parameters, including composition, stiffness, pore size, surface morphology, hydrophilicity electric charge. On other hand, regulation another focus, predifferentiation, gene editing, dynamic stimulus, hypoxia. This review aims comprehensive discussion existing challenges, types properties, practical methods improve chondrogenic potential outlook future trends bioengineering.